Drilled Wells Economic - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 28 Words: 8344 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? ABSTRACT As petroleum, production continues to decline in many parts of the globe, more operators are seeing well abandonment as a reality. Drilled wells are plugged and abandoned for different reasons of which the typical and operational reason is that the well has reached its economic limit or when drilled it was found to be a dry hole. (refer). According to Ide, T., et al 2006, well bore is taken to be high fluid transmittal pathway. Even with the current procedure of sealing and abandonment, individual wells have the tendency to loose their integrity due to various factors, which include but not limited to poor cementation, poor or ineffective plugging, and increase in formation pressure after abandonment, corrosion of casing (refer). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Drilled Wells Economic" essay for you Create order Safe and economical well abandonment are important to the industry from environmental and financial standpoints. Improper abandonment can require re-abandonment procedures to mitigate environmental contamination or to comply with updated regulations, causing an increased financial burden on the operator. 1. Introduction 1.1 BACKGROUND All wells drilled have a distinct life cycle with respect to its cost, duration, recovery, and value. Although these characteristics and attributes are specific to an individual drilled well, all producing wells pass through the same initial and final state, beginning with completion and ending with abandonment. After the drilling stage of a well and the target depth is reached, a decision to complete the well is made based on the reservoir attributes: is the well dry or is the hydrocarbon in place of economic value. Ultimately, every well becomes dormant because of reduced economic returns or technical problem. When a well stops producing, it either may be shut-in (SI), temporary abandoned (TA) or permanently abandoned (pa). With ageing fields fast approaching their economic limit, abandonment is becoming increasingly frequent and many operators have to modify their abandonment procedure to fit the Wellbore condition and make certain that abandoned wells remain permanently sealed and prevent commingling while balancing the environmental objectives of abandonment and cost of actual abandonment. Wells, which are not abandoned appropriately, can become a major hazard to the underground source of drinking water and possibly the aquatic environment [8] Shut in status (SI) When a well is shut-in it is still flowing but its Christmas tree, SV, wing valves are all closed. Usually a well is shut-in if there is a technical or operational problem, which is believed to be temporary. There is no maximum time for a well to remain in shut-in status as long as it is regularly maintained according to regulatory requirement and procedures. Temporary abandonment status (TA) A well is said to be temporarily abandoned when the wellhead is removed and the producing interval is isolated with a plug and the casing is plugged below the mud line. REASONS FOR ABANDONMENT There are various reasons why a well is abandoned, these are: END OF FIELD LIFE ABANDONMENT Drilled wells must at one point in time be abandoned. Before a well reaches the point at which it has to be abandoned it passes through various stages in its life cycle; it begins with the survey and exploitation of an area for signs on hydrocarbon [1]. This leads to a rewarding and exciting discovery of an accumulation of hydrocarbon deposit. This is followed by the acquired Data Processing stage and finally the drilling process. During drilling, the well is created by the use of drill bit and cased off at specific as drilling progresses. Another fulfilling target is reached when the first hydrocarbon is produced a process which unfortunately eventually proceeds the declining period where the rate of hydrocarbon production decreases. However, successful enhanced oil recovery techniques often than not make this stage rewarding financially as it extends the life of the well [1]. When all enhanced oil recovery technique has been employed, and the cost of producing the well is no longer economically viable, the next process is abandonment; a stage not so welcomed by most operators as it means the cessation of production. Dry hole Abandonment A drilled well is also abandoned when after drilling, the hole was found to be a dry hole. Though abandonment is meant to be a permanent termination, the effect is felt for many years more than that of the short producing life of the well. The main goal of any plugging and abandonment is to provide a permanent and effective isolation of fluids all along the subsurface formation in the different layers where they were enclosed prior to plugging, thereby preventing fluid migration and reduce environmental risks of contamination and prevent costly remedial jobs [1]. To achieve this several significant intervals of the well must be filled and tightly closed with a sealant material from bottom hole to the surface with special attention paid to the production interval [4] and zones of high differential pressure and temperature. The material used for plugging differ depending on what type of well is being abandoned, for oil and gas well the material used is normally cement based materials, for water well, cement based as well as bentonite can be used to isolate the different intervals[4][ PUT UNDER CEMENT PLUG CHARACTERISTICS UNDERE INTEGRITY OF ABANDONED WELLS. The integrity of the abandoned well can fail for very many reaso ns such as plug failure, poor slurry design etc. A cement plug can fail to set at the desired location as cement slurry often has the tendency to fall through the lighter drilling fluid below it [9]. Failure can also be as a result of downhole changes which may occur after the well has been abandoned [8]. Over the years, techniques for drilling and completion of hydrocarbon wells have continued to evolve. This drive for new technology for hydrocarbon recovery is due to the need to maximize hydrocarbon recovery while protecting the environment [4]. The evolution of well abandonment techniques has been much slower than that of drilling and completion. This is because abandonment is considered a sunk cost [4]. Project Objective The objectives of this thesis is to review the factors which contribute to the overall integrity of abandoned wells. These include, well parameters, cement placement techniques, casing integrity. These play an important role in the design, construction and actual execution of the abandonment project. In the abandonment of wells, the factors that contribute to the integrity differ depending on the wells. This is because each well is a unique entity and hence has to have independent well abandonment design. PROJECT METHODOLOGY In this work I intend to talk about For instance, in a well where a fish is lost in hole the abandonment design has to taken into consideration remedial action or ways to set the cement plug as there may be no access to the bottom hole to set a bottom plug in the sump. Abandoned wells can be a cause of concern due to their potential to act as path for flow between formations, which under normal circumstance are isolated including underground sources of drinking water, of great concern are those abandonments with faulty plugs, compromised casing and those having cracks in the cement [7]. This work is aimed at highlighting the different factors which contribute to the integrity of an abandoned well. ( reorder and rewrite) Chapter 2 Literature review Well abandonment has come a long way since the first discovery of oil and gas, with the increasing awareness of the importance of environmental protection, the need to improve the processes of abandonment has now become a major concern for many operators, as abandoned wells are considered a possible conduit for fluid flow between different formations. According to C. H. Kelm et al, the objective of abandonment of a well must taken into consideration the need to do so in a best practices manner by examining the following fundamental aim of any abandonment process; The need to protect any hydrocarbon left in the pay zone of the formation drilled. The need to preserve and prevent contamination of freshwater zones (for onshore rigs) penetrated during the course of drilling the well. Avert of any contamination of the surface environment. For instance, in the case of vegetation, air pollution and marine environment. The need to abide by all regulatory requirements stated in during the abandonment. In the past years many papers has been published on areas ranging from alternative plugging technique, self healing and expandable cement, improved cement slurry design, placement technique with the aim to reduce the cost of abandonment and improve the abandonment. Abandoned well in an oil field are sealed using a plugging material according to regulatory requirements. A perfect example of a plugging material in the ideal sense according to D.G Calvert et al 1994 is one, which can be pumped down the drilled hole, has the ability to harden in a reasonable time, and bond with the walls of the drilled formation and casing in order to prevent fluid flow from one formation to another. While regulations vary from place to place, the general practice involves plugging the Wellbore with a Portland cement material specifically designed for the isolation purpose. In his review of plugging and abandonment techniques, D. G. Calvert et al, stated that the cement mixture used in oil and gas vary d epending on the type of hole is to be isolated. Very few papers has been published that focuses on the integrity of the actual well after abandonment. Liversidge, D. et al. in his work on permanent plug and abandonment solution for the Northsea he presented case histories of the Brent South field abandonment project done using both class G cement with an expandable agent system and flexible cement according to the current stringent regulation. Cement integrity preservation during well completion, production phases as well as during abandonment is of critical importance for long-term protection. In the past years numerous papers and texts in the area of cement sheath failure, improved flexible and expanding cement and related topics have been published, indicating the increasing need to improve well abandonment and reduce cost. Examples of works published include but not limited to (Bosma et al 2000), (Ravi et al. 2002), (Glessner et al., 2005), (Mainguy et al., 2007), (D. G calvert et al., 1994), (Locolier et al., 2006),( Liversidge et al., 2006). Although many papers have been written, very little work has been done to investigate the cement plug integrity after abandonment. The ascribed cause to this may be that permanent abandonment is considered a non-profit venture. Mainguy M. et al., 2007 carried out an analysis of the probability of failure of cement plugs when subjected to varying compressive and tensile load using an ideal reservoir model designed to suit changes in the downhole condition. In his study he identified that there is a greater tendency for the material used to seal zones for abandonment to fail in wells situated where there is instability in the pressure, temperature and stress state due to changes that occur downhole. He concluded that when the plug is subjected to maximum tensile stress it failed due to the low tensile strength of the conventional class G cement. Though he suggested the use of pre-stressed cement as they adapt more to changes downhole, his work did not cover the problem of rock-cement de-bonding which is a problem that greatly reduces the sealing capacity of cement. In the study done by R.C. Smith et al., 1984, on the successful method of setting cement plug, he investigated the ongoing failures of cement plug s due to the instability caused by the difference between the density of the cement and the drilling mud. In his work, he suggested the use of mud thickened with bentonite before spotting the cement so as to allow a greater density difference. With respect to the problem of controlling the direction of flow of the cement slurry a diverter placed at the end of the tubing to help divert the direction of flow and improve stability. Drilling fluid can also be used as a plugging material by adding a cementitous additive. The additive can either be fly ash of blast furnace slag which have the characteristics of a cement as they harden when the mixed with water. Cement is not naturally occurring but manmade and like any other manmade material, it is expected to age, wear-off, and, degrade overtime under different subsurface condition, which may differ from the time it was initially set [W. Zhou et. al 2005]. Plugging oil well is a common operation, which is increasing as mature field reach the end of their producing life. In general, plugging and abandonment of a well involves filling a certain length of casing or open hole with a volume of cement mixture designed for it in order to provide adequate sealing against upward migration of formation fluid. After the cement plug is place in the desired location it is left to harden over time. The placement of the cement plug is a major part of abandonment, as failure of this will cause commingling of fluids from different formation. The setting and spotting of cement plugs can be done in various ways depending on the wellbore condition and regulatory requirement. A review of the worldwide acceptable plugging procedure shows the a minimum of three cement plugs is required of which two are, the first plug is put in place by squeezing the cement plug through the perforation into the former producing zone in order to seal off any further influx of reservoir fluid into the Wellbore[2]. The second plug is usually set towards the middle of the Wellbore or near a protective casing shoe. Finally the third plug is set about200- 300ft below the mud line. In general, the length of a plug ranges from 100to 200ft depending on the regulatory requirements. Any additional plug set is dependent on the well bore condition. Although observations and studies show that cement plugs have the ability to perform as expected for up to several decades, uncertainty exists that the material can maintain its isolation integrity for several thousands of years. Recent study shows that abandoned wells in which CO2 was used in the enhanced oil recovery technique prior to abandonment have the potential to leak and allow CO2 migration notwithstanding the fact that the well has been properly abandoned [Scherer, G.W et al, 2005]. This is mainly due to corrosion and degradation of the casing and cement. This degradation and corrosion occurs when carbonic acid formed from the dissolution of CO2 in brine attacks the cement and casing [Scherer, G.W et al, 2005] a process, which is dependent on the temperature of the formation, cement composition, brine and the rock mechanics and composition. Potential leakage of reservoir fluids through degraded cement plugs is hence of primary concern. Various work on inter-formational flow shows that there is still the possibility of flow between formations even with a successful plugging of different interval. This case can arise when the abandoned well is near an active well. Javandel et al developed the first analytical model; their model showed the possible of flow to an upper formation in response to a lower injection pressure build up in a lower formation. Striz and wiggings carried out further work by developing a coupled model to predict flow using a steady state approach to create a transient flow. This model can be used to developed abandoned fluid flow using available field data. In recent studies, statistics show that in the US one in every three well drilled for hydrocarbon is dry and have to be plugged and abandoned[D.G Calvert, et al 1994]. Wells are drilled for various reasons ranging from industrial, oil and gas, to municipal uses, but in the end these well have to be abandoned [D.G Calvert, et al 1994]. Some wells were abandoned before any regulation and guidelines were defined, these wells may have either been plugged improperly or not plugged at all and these now poses a threat to the quality of the groundwater. For the aim of regulating bodies to be achieved i.e. achieving underground water protect and hence environmental protect, the operating companies must understand that following the different regulatory requirement alone is not sufficient to guarantee a lasting protection of the environment [4]. It is sometimes difficult for operators to abide by the regulatory requirements as well as developing a plan which would both serve to seal off the reservoir and provide long-term protection of the environment while justifying the overall cost in general [4]. Currently there is a high rise in abandonment of ageing and mature field which either have reached their economic limit or are no longer producing (refer). Methods of ABANDONMENT The initial stage of a decommissioning process is the plugging and abandonment of the wells, during this stage, the tubing, casing strings, and, conductors are cut below the mud line and removed, zones are sealed with cement plug to isolate the flow path between the reservoir fluids and other zones as well as the surface. Zones not sealed with cement plug are filled with mud with fluid having the proper weight and consistency to prevent movement of other fluids into the wellbore. Most abandonments follow a general methodology that is adjusted to meet individual well requirements. As procedures can and do change significantly for each well, cement plug design should frequently be attuned to reach minimum wait-on-cement (WOC) times with varying downhole conditions. Near-wellbore geology should be assessed, and the wellbore and annuli properly cleaned to avoid microannuli and poor cement bonding. Traditional techniques include cement squeezes, gel squeezes, and mechanical plugs such as bridge plugs and packers. Cement and gel technologies are mainly used for behind casing repair, and mechanical options are usually confined to plugging the casing. In the general process of abandonment there as basic steps which are followed to ensure successful plug and abandonment program. This includes the planning process, wellbore equipment testing, designing, well geometry assessment. PA PLANNING The most essential decision after when to abandon a well [11] is how. Preparation is a key ingredient in plug and abandonment of a well. In order to abandon a well successfully careful planning and effective plugging and abandonment procedure is crucial to prevent gas or fluids from moving to the surface or to other subsurface formations. In addition to the environmental risks that come with poor seals, corrective plugging may be necessary, increasing the cost and difficulty of abandoning a well. However, operators and service companies have several options for obtaining complete, permanent abandonment. For every well, there is a variation as each well PA is unique and different. The techniques used to achieve this process are generally based on industry practice, research, and conformance with the relevant regulatory compliance requirement. The synthesis of practical knowledge, current technology and regulatory requirements results in the most effective wellbore plugging and abandonment possible. Wellbore equipment testing. A preliminary inspection and survey of the wellhead and wellbore condition is carried out to determine if the valves on the wellhead are in operable condition, if it is found not to be in operable condition they are hot-tapped. The wellbore is surveyed using a slickline unit to check for any obstructions in the well, to confirm measured depth and also to gauge the internal diameter of the tubing. After the survey and removal of the slickline, the annuli and tubing is filled with fluid using a well pump is installed at the wellhead to ascertain an injection rate into the perforations. The tubing and casing are also pressured up to check for integrity. Casing annuli are also pressure tested to check for communication problems between casing strings and to record the test pressure over a period of time. The integrity and reliability of the primary cement is assessed in order to ensure that the cement sheath is still providing isolation across the reservoir and the cap rock. A well control plan is designed to establish reservoir condition and subsequently the contingency responses to any event which may occur during the abandonment process. DESIGN OF A WELL ABANDONMENT PROGRAM Prior to plugging and abandoning a well, a review of the existing well design, record of past work, previous well performance and geologic and reservoir condition is carried out by the operator. The investigation of everything that may relate to the health and safety issues as well as regulatory requirements is also performed, after which the design of the abandonment program begins. The design is done based the existing wellbore and reservoir conditions depending on the findings from the review and investigation. This allows the operator to plan an abandonment program that will satisfy the goal of making the well safe from future resources. PA design needs to be integrated in the planning of the well, and should be considered in a single budget. There are many factors which must be put into consideration in order to design an effective abandonment program , such as, the reservoir status, the integrity of the primary cement, hole cleaning and cement placement technique, the temperatu re and pressure of the well, the type of fluid in the well, the age of the well, the status of the cap rock. Fluid Type Drilled wells produce fluids in liquid and gaseous form, wells which contain sour fluids i.e. sulphur rich would be expected to have accelerated corrosion rates and stress cracking depending on the age and wellbore construction, may impair the capacity to perform plug and abandonment, to mitigate this components which are corrosion resistant can be used. Reservoir status In the design of PA, it is necessary to consider the reservoir status concerning its stability, the current pressure and temperature, the pressure at the initial stages of well development and the permeability of the reservoir both horizontal and vertical. With the information, plug and abandonment is then designed to withstand the pressure of the well after finally reach equilibrium. Cap rock Status It is also necessary to take into consideration the cap rock status i.e. is it still impermeable, has production activities induced fracture or has weathering taken effect. Placing the Plugs After the design and planning of the abandonment program, calculations must be made to determine the amount of cement required and the number of wiper plugs needed to separate the cement plugs from the rest of the fluids. The use of wiper plugs enables the formation of a stable platform on which the cement can be set. A wiper plug is placed in the wellbore, and then a predetermined quantity of cement slurry is pumped on top of it. Because of its weight, the slurry becomes a driving force. The slurry falls to the bottom of the hole, pushing the wiper plug ahead of it and forcing existing air and produced fluids back into the formation. Another plug and perhaps a bit more cement finish the job. In most wells, where there is one permaeble zone, one plug and one volume of cement and the surface plug are all that is needed. In other wells, additional wiper plugs, additional cement slurry, and probably spacers of water or drilling fluid are used consecutively until all of the air and fluid is forced out into the formation, there is zilch pressure on the pipe, and it is apparent from the returns that the whole wellbore is appropriately sealed. The quantity and kind of spacer fluid that can be used is dependent on individual state regulations. The remaining casing at the top of the well is cut off 3 ft below ground level. Along with this general methodology, each region stipulates its own abandonment methods based on field conditions and local regulations as can be seen in the following examples. PA steps in Los Angeles Basin in as follows [12]: The abandonment program is prepared with the support of a qualified engineer. A schematic showing the current mechanical condition of the well is prepared. The geologic condition of the well, including the structure, faulting, and producing zones is assessed. The depth and position of cement plug that will cover the producing zones and any potable water zones if applicable is measured and verified. Choice of whether to use perforating or cavity shots is made. The casing is pressure tested after setting cement retainers. The different equipment required for the job is determined and assembled. Estimate of abandonment/re-abandonment costs is made. In contrast, the steps followed for the Hutton tension-leg platform (TLP) in the East Shetland Basin of the North Sea involved three phases [13]: Perform standalone wireline intervention. Perform drilling unit intervention to set the cement plugs after the first wireline plug has been set. Cut casing 10 ft below the seabed and recover casing stumps. Another abandonment performed in the North Sea followed a different procedure [14]: A permanent cement primary barrier placed immediately above the reservoir. A secondary barrier placed as a back-up to the first barrier. A third barrier then placed near the surface to isolate shallow water-bearing sands. Severed completion tubing and recover wellhead. In Western Canada, the traditional abandonment procedure of wells with casing vent flows included the following: The source of the casing vent flow is estimated or determined. If the source zone is shallower than the producing zone, the producing zone is abandoned. The source zone is perforated. Depending on the feed rate obtained at the estimated source depth, either a bradenhead or a retainer squeeze is performed. Retrievable tools are used as required. Typically, Class G cement with Calcium Chloride and some fluid-loss control is utilized. The slurry is placed and a static squeeze pressure of 7 MPa is attempted. As needed, cement is drilled out and perforations are tested for seal. Often, several attempts are made in order to obtain a static squeeze pressure of 7 Mpa on surface or mitigate the casing vent flow. Techniques for Abandonment The techniques used for plugging and abandonment of drilled well worldwide are generally based on industry practise. These techniques include; Rig Coil tubing unit Rigless abandonment COIL TUBING UNIT The flexibility of coiled tubing has recently been tailored to develop rigless abandonment [15,16]. This method, focuses on harmonizing all well services to accomplish utmost efficiency. Coiled-tubing unit [fig.] abandonment, like any other method, is more effective when appropriate cementing procedure is used from the kick-off of the well, from original zonal isolation with the primary cement sheath to plugging and abandonment. Early prevention of microannulus can help operators obtain a complete final seal. Five main criteria are recommended for optimal abandonment performance with coiled tubing: Mobility; All equipment should be mounted on wheels for increased mobility. Self-sufficiency; the service company provides nearly all activities. Dry location; Fluids are not drained on or near the wellsite. Single operation; the job is completed in one visit to the wellsite. Low mileage; Move time is reduced and transport optimized for maximum efficiency in unit and camp moves. In this abandonment technique geological consideration like the type and condition of the reservoir and caprock formations are take into account. Permanent seals typically must be made between producing zones and at impermeable caprock formations. The condition and configuration of cement, perforations, tubulars, and downhole equipment are also considered. In addition to providing complete, permanent seals, the use of coiled-tubing can help increase abandonment efficiency. This method can provide the following advantages: Increased tripping speeds Increased rig-move efficiency Precise placement of cement plugs; exact spotting of plugs at the interval of interest even in deep well as coil tubing can be reciprocated while pumping. Suitable for use on live wells; it is possible to run CTU for remedial cement squeeze in live well as the wellbore can be controlled using the BOP and stripper assembly. No need to pull production tubing; existing tubing and wellheads do not have to be removed to access the producing interval. Success using the coil tubing method has been recorded in Oman. REGULATORY REQUIREMENT FOR ABANDONMENT IN THE NORTHSEA AND USA In the early years on the oil and gas industry, many wells were drilled and some were found to be dry and subsequently were abandoned without much consideration given to the manner in which the wells were abandoned. Sometimes tree stumps were thrown in the well as a means to plug it [3], during this era the preservation of the groundwater, in general, the environment was not a major issue, and there was no defined regulation by the oil states or agencies. During the tail end of the 1930s different states and agencies in the US started establishing regulations, this defined requirement to ensure better well abandonment [D.G Calvert, et al 1994]. The number of regulation guiding well abandonment has risen along with the rising need to protect the environment in countries around the world. Today most countries have some form of regulation that addresses well abandonment requirement; though these regulations are not uniform and differ from country to country and body to body, they provide a minimum standard for operating companies. For instance for the state of California in the United States of America, the different governing bodies have their own regulations which are as follows; Minerals Management Services (MMS): The basic plugging requirements are found in 30 CFR 250.110 Subpart G. Department of Conservation, Division of Oil: Gas, and Geothermal Resources (DOC) The California Code of Regulations Title 14 Division 2, Chapter 4 beginning with Section 1745 focuses on the fundamental plugging requirements. California State Lands Commission (CSLC): The fundamental plugging requirements in the California Code of Regulations Title 2 Section 2128(q). Abandonment in the North Sea In the North Sea as in US, the regulations differ. The different countries that make up the North Sea have their different governing bodies and subsequently different regulation. The law in the UK, Norway, Denmark and Holland holds the last operator of a well accountable and responsible to pay for all the cost incurred in permanently abandoning the well. It also holds them accountable for any leakage and any clean up that may be required in the event of a leak. Abandonment programs in the Northsea are designed to meet the guidelines for abandonment issued by the operation association or government. For the UK sector of the north sea, abandonment guidelines is issued by the UKOOA, similarly for the Norwegian sector the guidelines are contained in the NORSOK/PTIL D-010 standard and for the Netherlands it is contained in the Dutch Mining Authority guidelines. The different guidelines obtainable from the various sectors of the North sea and the world as a whole all veer towards the same goals and aims which are; Prevention of any hydrocarbon migration to the surface Prevention of any migration or commingling of wellbore fluids from one formation to another Preservation of the aquifer and fresh water zones by preventing any contamination by hydrocarbon fluids. The different guideline specifies the regulatory requirements for achieving the various goals. For the UK, the UKOOA guideline describes a permanent barrier to be one whose length is adequate enough to extend laterally across the entire wellbore. It also stipulates barrier requirement for permeable zones and surfaces as One barrier required where the zones is water bearing and normally pressured Two barriers where the zone is water bearing but abnormally pressured. Two barriers where the zone is hydrocarbon bearing Second barrier of one zone may be first barrier of another It gives no particular requirement for cement squeezing the perforation. Barriers are also required where zones are in different pressure regimes. For Norway the NORSOK standard principle can be summarized as follows; Annular plugs are NOT acceptable for permanent abandonment rather it is a requirement to cut and pull the casing string after which a T-plug is set. Explosive well head severance NOT permitted rather it is a requirement for mechanical systems such as abrasive jet to be used. Two barriers are required of which one must be cement; Primary barrier acceptable as one of the permanent barrier All annular spaces are to be secured and sealed The surface plug is required to be longer 200m in length and less than 50m below the seabed. It is a requirement to isolate the perforations by cement squeezing and the use of mechanical barrier. For the Netherlands, the Dutch mining Authority stipulates that; The plugging of the wellbore should be properly done and durable. For open-hole completions It is required that a cement plug of minimum of 100m in length be used A mechanical plug with cement on top Reservoirs is plugged with cement; two reservoirs have to be sealed form each other with a cement plug of 100m in length or one equal to the length of the open hole. For any perforations, DMA stipulates that a cement plug of a minimum of 100m in length placed from the top of perforation upwards or a mechanical plug with a 50m cement plug on top, or a mechanical plug with cement and perforation squeezed off. Requirements for the reservoir is the same for open hole Depending on what is involved in the execution of the abandonment various regulation govern the whole abandonment process, for instance in UK alone we have; Offshore installation and well (design and construction) regulation 1996; these set of regulation addresses key issues relating to design and construction of offshore installation focusing on aspects of technical integrity and reliability of installations and wells. Section 13 of part IV focuses on well fluid containment throughout the wells life cycle. Section15 concentrates on well fluid containment after abandonment while, section 16 focuses on the materials to be used in well operation. It stipulates the general duty for an operator to abandon a well in a manner so far as reasonably practicable that there can be no unplanned escape of fluid from the well and any risks to the health and safety of persons from it or anything in it or in strata are as low as reasonably practicable. Offshore petroleum activities regulation 2005; these set of regulation govern the discharge of hydrocarbon in the UK waters. Any discharge into the UK waters are prohibited except with permit granted under these regulations and the permit stipulates the quantity of discharge. Offshore chemical regulation 2000: These set of regulations govern the use and discharge of chemicals in the UK waters. Offshore petroleum activities 2001: these set of regulation focuses on the protection and conservation of the fauna and flora and the marine environment in general. Unavailability of Records The availability of records is very important to planning and execution. If records are not available or the one available does not match the well configuration, then the planning success may be impacted. For instance in old wells , records may not exists and even if they do they may be incomplete and may provide inaccurate data on downhole conditions. Ideally operators should integrate abandonment plan in the initial plan of drilling of the well this allows changes made during drilling and production activities to be reflected in the abandonment plan if it is updated sequel to the changes. Age, Production and Completion Operation of the Well With time equipments and components of a well deteriorates and degrades from corrosion, wear, and normal operating conditions. This may affect the ability to perform the plug and abandonment operation. In addition, the construction practices used during the completion and production operation of the well may affect the PA operations. For instance, the hydraulic fracturing of reservoir can induce cracks in the cement and remedial actions have to be taken before PA can be done. On the other hand if the annuli is isolated with uncontaminated cement and the well is kept in good mechanical condition with regular workover operations then the PA should be straight forward. During the critical factors in PA include; Wellbore accessibility Position of the plug Cutting and removal of tubular Placement of plugs Suitability of the sealing material Wellbore Accessibility Documentation of wellbore accessibility i.e. if there is any tool lost in hole , location of packers. These can mitigate or complicate the design and construction of a well abandonment and hence should be consideration in the design. Rearrange Chapter.. 3.0 INTERGRITY OF ABANDONED WELLS This chapter discusses the factors that affect abandonment. These critical factors include, cement plugs, primary cement sheath, well attributes, 3.1 CEMENT PLUG In PA process, based on the well condition and regulatory requirement, the plugs placed at the different zones should be designed to have specific properties to withstand any changes that may occur. These plugs are placed to at least the required minimum length about the zone. Despite the simplicity of plug-cementing operation, historically cement plugging has had a significant high rate of failure. Mud contamination is recognised as the most common reason for cement plug failure. This contamination drastically affects the cements compressive strength. However, even if the cement slurry was placed properly and initially fulfils its intended function, changes in downhole condition can destroy the integrity, which can lead to gas/fluid migration. The loss of cement integrity and subsequently zonal isolation can be due to mechanical failure, de-bonding of cement from the casing or the formation, poor hole cleaning. 3.1.1 TYPES OF CEMENT USED FOR PLUGGING 3.1.1.1 Flexible Cement Cement has long been recognized as the best material for sealing abandoned wells [17]. However; recently developed sealant systems can provide better long-term wellbore integrity than Portland cement by increasing resistance to stress cracking and the formation of microannuli [18]. These systems use an optimized distribution of flexible particles, which allows the set sealant to adapt to temperature and pressure changes. The ability to adapt facilitates the improvement of long-term zonal isolation for the well [19]. Flexible sealant systems also have inherently low permeability, which helps them resist corrosive fluids. Their flexibility and linear expansion abilities are suitable for abandonment procedures. 3.1.2 CEMENT PLACEMENT TECHNIQUES Cement plug placement is an important aspect in the whole abandonment process. Though the plugging material is important, the technique used to place the plugs is regarded as the most important aspect [D.G Calvert et al 1994], as there is a high tendency for the well fluids to contaminate and dilute the material used for the sealing process hence utmost care is put into consideration. Setting cement plugs is a well-known problem in the oil industry many failures have been recorded, the causes of these failures have been identified and addressed, techniques to address the improvement of these practices have been developed (e.g.). Depending on the wellbore condition and regulatory requirements, the typical cement placement methods include: The balance plug method The cement squeeze method The dump bailer method 3.1.2.1 THE BALANCED PLUG METHOD In this method, the cement is pumped through tubing, work-string, coil tubing or down pipe until the level of the cement in the annulus is slightly below the top of the cement inside the tubing, then the tubing is slowly pulled up form the slurry. The cement then falls out of the pipe, filling the void space left as the pipe is removed. Proper placement of cement using balanced plug method has remained a serious concern in the industry for many years. Many studies have been done to investigate plug cementing. Smith et al studied plug cementing in detail and made excellent recommendations for setting successful cement plugs. The recommendations included the placement of gelled fluid underneath the cement slurry and the use of a diverter tool to control the direction of flow of the cement. Bour et al recommended using reactive fluid system that develops a rapid gel is placed before pumping the cement in order to keep the cement slurry in place. Harestad et al have further improved these practises with the improvement of the balanced plug placement practices by the use of a mechanical cementing tool to prevent downward movement of slurry. In general, the use of fluid spacer ahead and after the cement helps in the proper placement of the cement. 3.1.2.2 CEMENT SQUEEZING Squeezing is a process of using pressure to force the cement slurry to specified points, it is most commonly used to seal off reservoirs. This method of spotting cement is most favourable used to plug of perforations, it is also used to place cement plugs below any junk that my have been left in the well bore and to repair any poor cementing behind the casing. The various method of cement squeezing includes the bradenhead method and the bullhead method. 3.1.2.2.1 Bullhead Method: This squeezing method involves pumping cement from the surface and forcing it down the borehole by the pump pressure from the surface. 3.1.2.2.2 Bradenhead Method: this method can be used as an alternative to bullheading, in this method, the cement is placed in the same manner as the balanced plug method but then the well is shut-in and extra pressure is applied at the surface from the casing valve to push the cement further down the wellbore. 3.1.2.3 DUMP BAILER METHOD The dump bailer is a tool that contains a precise amount of cement. In this method, the exact volume of cement is lowered into the wellbore using a wireline, when the interval is reached the dumb bailer is either opened by electronic activation or on impact with a bridge plug. This method is used to place small quantities of cement, though it allows for precise placement of cement, it is not convenient for permanent plug and abandonment as it means many trips down the bore hole. 3.1.3 VERIFICATION AND TAGGING OF CEMENT PLUGS To ensure proper plug placement it is required that the plugs be tagged. The two techniques mainly used to ensure appropriate placement are: Use of open-ended pipe of pre-determined length to tag the plug The use of wireline tools to tag the plug and verify the top of cement (TOC) by reading the counter on the wireline 3.1.3.1 Pressure Testing As a requirement for abandonment, the cement plugs must be tested to confirm that the pressure isolation has been achieved. 3.2 PRIMARY CEMENT INTEGRITY One of the main functions of cement is to prevent commingling of fluid between formations or to the surface throughout the life of the well, including after abandonment. Changes in the downhole condition such as change in temperature, pressure or tectonic effects can induce stresses that can alter the integrity of the cement sheath resulting in a loss of zonal isolation even with cementing operations providing initially provided a good hydraulic seal. When well abandonment process is taken into account in the early stages of the life of the well design, it makes provision for improved quality of primary cement between the casing and formation, this is an important factor that determines the success of well abandonment performed later. The abandonment plan must take into account the types of fluid contained in the reservoirs, the wells attribute, and the mechanical condition at the time of abandonment. Great advances have been made in cementing practices over the years. These advances include improvement in fluid displacement modelling as well as the development of slurries with improved chemical and rheological properties. These advances have gone a long way towards improving hydraulic isolation, but they do not address damage to the cement sheath that may occur days, months or years after the cement has set. The potential for loss of hydraulic isolation during or after a wells productive life represents a weak link in hydraulic isolation. A damaged cement sheath can allow migration of hydrocarbon and formation fluids. The use of novel material for well cementing which has the ability to repair in the event of any damage can offer significant protection against the loss of hydraulic isolation and prevent the migration of fluid. Cement Characteristics Other CATEGORIES OF ABANDONED WELL FACTORS THAT AFFECT CEMENT INTEGRITY Mechanical failure Mechanical failure occurs when either there is a large increase in wellbore pressure, wellbore temperature or the formation loading (creep), which leads to formation cracks. Mechanical failure can also be as a result of excessive shrinkage of cement slurry used. The characteristics of cement used may not be flexible when it sets, e.g., cement slurry design with high Youngs modulus ratio and a passion ratio lower than that of the rock can lead to cement failure. Formation of Microannulus The formation of microannulus is as a result of debonding of either the casing from the cement of the cement from the formation. The cause of de-bonding can be due to radial displacement of the casing following wide changes in the downhole condition (temperature and pressure). This also negatively affects cement integrity. However, successful removal of the drilling mud and the filter cake during the initial stages of drilling decreases the risk of microannulus forming thereby increasing the bonding between the rock and cement for open hole and casing and cement for cased hole. In addition to this, the use of low shrinking cement as well as mathematical modelling to determine the maximum size of the microannulus in the event of changes in temperature and pressure. Bulk shrinkage of cement slurry The bulk shrinkage characteristics of ordinary Portland cement slurry as it sets can create small cracks and gaps which the creates a pathway for fluid to flow. Bulk shrinkage of conventional cement causes internal stress and if this stress is greater than the tensile strength then the cement cracks. On the other hand, if the stress is greater than the bond strength this results in cement de-bonding from the rock or casing. However, Bosma et al [10] recommends that to ensure a tight seal a cement slurry design with low Youngs modulus and Poissons ration close to 0.5 placed so that they would become thermally stressed. Cement quality can also be compromised by well completion and workover operations such as hydraulic fracturing treatment, which can introduce cracks in the primary cement and excessive fluid losses during the primary cementing operation can cause flow paths. Other causes of cement include: Tectonic forces can fracture set cement thereby creating flow paths Poor interfacial bonding and the use of highly permeable slurry systems The cement may not be resistant to corrosive fluids such as H2S Regardless of the cause, loss of cement integrity is the failure of the main goals of well abandonment as this can result in fluid migration and impairment of zonal isolation. CHALLENGES FACED IN PERMANENT WELL ABANDONMENT In well abandonment project, some challenges may be encountered which may affect the overall success of the project. Some of these factors include: Improper understanding of the wellbore geometry, geology, accessibility, downhole equipment and is condition. Improper understanding of the reservoir pressure and fluid migration paths Inadequate data available on the history of the well such as well logs, diagrams because of time lapse between construction and abandonment. Reservoir attribute Wellbore Geometry Wellbore geometry is an important factor in well abandonment as every well has varying characteristics. In some wells overpressured formations are encountered during drilling, these abnormalities must be put into consideration in the design of any abandonment program, as they can be a cause of concern. The cement slurry recipe must be designed to withstand the pressure or temperature abnormalities in the various intervals. Case Histories Gas well with CVF issue As earlier mentioned every well is different and has individual attributes. Therefore, plans for completion and abandonment are done according to the nature of the wellbore. For this case scenario, during drilling operations many gas bearing zones of different pressures were encountered prior to reaching the target depth. On completion pressures were observed in the annuli in different zones. Remedial actions were taken to repair the leak but this did not solve the problem, and eventually abandon the well. The abandonment methodology used in this case is as follows; Conventional Portland cement was placed inside the 7 casing and the 9 5/8 The 9 5/8 casing was then milled out over a pre determined depth and underreamed to increase the diameter of the hole. Class G cement grade was then placed between this section. Microcement system was placed on top of the cement subsequently a 60liter was squeezed. Though the initial repairs appeared successful, but after continued monitoring it was discovered that a zone was not fully isolated and the well had to be re-entered. Subsequently to further ensure long-term isolation both inside and outside the casing, a new abandonment plan was reviewed. It was concluded that the section to be isolated would be completely milled out. A cement plug designed to withstand the differential gas pressure placed form rock-face to rock-face. The revised abandonment methodology included: Milling a 25m window in the 9 5/8 casing just below the 13 3/8 casing shoe. The diameter of the hole at the p 5/8 casing was further increased to 22 to reach the formation. The hole was then cleaned by circulating in drilling fluid. Flexible and expanding cement plug is then placed in the milled section and squeezed The bridge plug is set and pressure tested. The 9 5/7 casing is cut and annular content are circulated and removed. High viscosity pill is spotted and subsequently a conventional cement slurry is placed in the 13 3/8 casing. The 13 3/8 casing is milled out just below the 20 casing shoe and under-reamed to a diameter of 22 to reach the formation and the cuttings is circulated out and removed. Flexible and expanding plug is placed in the underreamed section and squeezed. The bridge plug is set and pressure tested The high viscosity pill is spotted followed by the placement of conventional cement slurry in the 13 3/8 to the surface. This abandonment methodology worked and provided complete isolation of the different pressured zones for this well with high differential gas pressure. For a normal well with straightforward wellbore and reservoir attributes, the initial abandonment program would have provided the intended long-term isolation of the different zones. RISK ANALYSIS Risk analysis is the possibility that events or conditions in the future may not occur as expected. When throwing a dice, you may want a six but there is 25% chance that it will be a two. In abandoning, a well there is a high possibility that the permanent barriers placed across required interval would fail. There is substantial risk in projecting the effectiveness of the permanent barriers and how long it would take nature to restore the pressure balance that existed before the well was drilled. This is because nature moves at its own pace, which is measured in geologic time not in years.

Essay on The Love Goddess Freya Aphrodite - 1283 Words

A love goddess is a deity associated with sexuality, love, fertility, beauty, and in some occasion’s death. These goddess are common in mythology and may be found in many polytheistic religions. Although there are vast differences among these goddess’, since they have to serve each particular culture’s needs, there are also many similarities that can be drawn to them. There are two love goddess’ that are believed to have many similarities, they are the Greek goddess Aphrodite and the Norse goddess Freya. Although these goddess’ have many differences some similarities are their appearance, lost lovers, a love of beautiful things, charm, an association with the sea, the day Friday and fish. Aphrodite was an extremely attractive young†¦show more content†¦To acquire the necklace Freya utilizes her power as the goddess of love and beauty (sleeping with dwarfs to keep it) and to regain the necklace after its theft, she enlists her power as the goddess of warfare. Her feminine greed for beauty forms a link between creation and destruction. Freya’s story forms and abstract correlation to human life, an act of love brings a new human into the world, the human receives possessions and eventually dies. Both Aphrodite and Freya are known for their charm. Aphrodite wears her golden girdle to enhance her beauty and to compel love. When Aphrodite wore her magic girdle, made by her husband Hephaestus, it caused men and gods to fall hopelessly in love with her. No one could resist her, and she was all too irresistible already. And while Freya began to long for gold, only to make her more beautiful, so she snuck away from her husband and went in search of the Giants. She came across four Dwarves who possessed the most beautiful necklace ever created. They made the jewelry of gold, rubies, and amber and Freya had to have it. The Dwarves made a bargain with her; she could have the necklace if she slept with each of them. Fr eya was disgusted, but then she looked upon the necklace, Brisingamen, again and she told them that she would comply. When she returned from spending her time with the Dwarves, she found that her husband had disappeared. OD Freya’s husband was a bit flirtatious himself; he was tempted by the warmerShow MoreRelatedWomen s Suffrage Movement : The Perfect Woman2632 Words   |  11 Pagespower. The five goddesses of the â€Å"big Twelve† Olympians (Athena, Hera, Demeter, Artemis, and Aphrodite) did not have as grand of power as the gods. They were over weaving, family, crops, maidens, and love (respectively), which looks pathetic next to God of Lightning, or God of the Forges. In old stories, the Council was balanced, six women, six men. Hestia, the goddess of the hearth was the original sixth goddess and an actual immortal, born alongside Hera and Poseidon, and swallowed by Kronos. Dionysus

Promoting Gender Equality free essay sample

Gender equality is the removal of deep-seated barriers to equality of opportunity and outcome, such as discriminatory laws, customs, practices and institutional processes. It also entails concern with the development of the freedoms of all individuals, irrespective of gender; to choose outcomes they have reason to value. It is integral to ideas of educational quality, as an education system would lack key dimensions of quality if it was discriminatory or did not develop capabilities in children to work for an education that was personally and socially worthwhile. Some aspects of this are the freedom to enter school, to learn and participate there in safety and security, to develop identities that tolerate others, to promote health and to enjoy economic, political and cultural opportunities. Gender equality in the classroom therefore is a key to connecting schooling and citizenship with human rights and underpins values of care and respect for children and their teachers. We will write a custom essay sample on Promoting Gender Equality or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Gender equality is an important and ambitious aspiration for countries and education systems, and is linked to the achievement of gender equality in the everyday lives of individuals and groups. Over the last one hundred years there have been huge steps forward towards realising gender equality in education, but there is also considerable difference within the world on these issues and much work still to be done. There is general agreement that attainment of gender equality requires a multi-faceted approach, there is no single panacea. The following strategies can be employed; 1. Supporting and training teachers for gender equality Very little work has been done in teacher training courses to help develop teachers’ understanding of gender inequalities and how to overcome them in the classroom. To address the issues of both teachers’ professional and personal orientation, opportunities are needed for student teachers and teachers in-service – who may have had only very limited or no pre-service training – to understand their own gender socialisation and identities and to understand how gender discrimination takes place in schools, as well as their role in addressing it (Chege 2004). Full support of local education authorities, teacher training institutions and in-service providers is needed to enhance the effectiveness of teacher training for gender equality. Because the issues are complex a single training session, either at the pre-service stage or through in-service, is generally not sufficient to change teaching practice and behaviour. And any training that does not extend to supporting teachers develop practicable solutions and is accompanied by monitoring and follow-up support will have limited impact. Where training is coordinated and effective it is not well documented so that knowledge of strategies and learning is not captured and utilised. Strategies need to be explored for storing the knowledge about gender equitable pedagogies that is developed at schools and training centres, so that future teachers can learn from it and become motivated and so to avoid the need for new programmes to ‘start from scratch’ but, rather, to benefit from lessons learned and experience already gained. Teachers face multiple problems and challenges in their personal and professional lives including low pay and poor conditions contributing to low morale and low status. They may face abuse from colleagues and students, while at the same time being expected to be active transformers of the system, to assess textbooks, audit curriculum, develop local curriculum, and develop new classroom practice. Expectations of teachers to become effective change agents for gender equality – inside reformers will not be met unless teachers are supported and empowered to do this through the coordinated efforts of pre-service training institutions, providers of in-service and ongoing professional development. . Changing schools in the context of wider societal conditions Sometimes gender equality practices at school are out of step with ideas children learn at home and the responsibilities they have within a household, many of which are marked by strong gender divisions. Some groups who feel their cultures under attack from processes of globalization or other hostile forces refuse to contemplate the education of girls because it appears to undermine valued cul tural practices. But there are many different opinions in communities that uphold traditions and all views need to be taken account, not just those of recognised leader or head of household. Because issues concerning gender and sexuality involve families’ hopes and fears for daughters and sons it is important not to ignore cultural, economic and political opposition to gender equality in school and to consider how the race and class inequalities that sometimes nurture this opposition can be addressed as part of a broad and integrated approach to developing gender equitable pedagogies and societies. Where traditional leaders and elders have been consulted, for example in Liberia, there has been considerable success in changing attitudes for formal schooling for girls, especially through forging links with traditional teachers who initiate young girls at puberty (Oxfam 2002). 3. ) Governments and non-State providers should: National Level; †¢ Put in place strong legal measures to outlaw sexual violence and harassment in school, make procedures for dealing with this through a code of conduct clear. Communicate this to all concerned. Develop a focus on gender equality and pedagogy as part of the teacher education programme, both at the pre-service and the in-service stage †¢ Invest in learning materials and resource networks to facilitate teachers’ discussion amongst themselves regarding gender equitable strategies and inputs into policy. †¢ Ensure planning and budgeting for capacity building at all levels of decentralized education systems so that the capacit y to understand, develop and implement policies exists. †¢ Where good policies exist, analyse the blockages and bottlenecks, and resourcing in order to ensure that these are being implemented. Examine planning processes to ensure these are realistic and well budgeted, and examine the capacity of officials at all levels to implement. †¢ Learn from small innovative programmes, which may be carried out by NGOs or NGOs in collaboration with the government. †¢ Evaluate and analyse curricula to ensure they are not entrenching gender divisions. Provincial and District levels: †¢ Put in place capacity building so that education officials have the capacity to monitor and evaluate pedagogical practices. Develop the capacity and role of the inspectorate to provide support for gender equality in pedagogy and ensure adequate budget and other resources for this. †¢ Work with non-state providers and NGOs to ensure good communication, and synergies. Teacher training institutions, local education authorities and NGOs involved in teacher training, teacher development and in-service training †¢ Ensure that training staff are trained and have the capacity to provide s trong examples of gender equitable pedagogies in all their teaching, as well as develop modules to be taught as part of all pre-service and in-service courses. Develop teachers’ capacities to design and deliver gender equitable life-skills in the curriculum, as well as support them in their training (pre- and in-service) to live by the same principles and understandings. †¢ Strategies need to be explored for storing the knowledge about gender equitable pedagogies at schools and training centres, so that future teachers can learn and become motivated and the expensive start-up costs for developing programmes do not have to be repeated endlessly. Teachers need to become less didactic and authoritarian and more participatory and inclusive in their teaching. †¢ Ensure strong collaboration (communication, policy development, capacity building) between different training levels and different providers. Non-Governmental Organisations †¢ Facilitate teacher led initiati ves to try out strategies for gender equity in pedagogy, for example through developing and publishing new learning materials, running workshops on new classroom methods, or through participatory action research. Campaign for gender equality focus in local debates about policy making and pedagogy †¢ Model good practice through running clubs or other initiatives that give children a chance to examine issues of gender critically and suggest alternative ways of teaching. †¢ Supporting teachers in the teaching of relevant and appropriate life-skills courses, and to live gender equality in their lives as well as their classrooms. †¢ Work to complement and strengthen government initiatives and develop capacity of government to ensure quality and accountability for pedagogies. Document initiatives and experiences and share these with all other stakeholders, especially government. Schools and teachers †¢ Develop school level policies for gender equitable pedagogies colle ctively with students, teachers and through School Councils. These will include: policies on school ethos, bullying and harassment, curriculum development, etc. †¢ Be informed about policy existing and agendas for gender equality and pedagogy beyond the school, the locality and the country. Understand gender equity beyond stereotypes and investigate school and teachers’ own contexts and understandings. †¢ Be trained and empowered to analyse and challenge gender stereotyping and gender bias in curriculum materials, in language use and means of communication in classrooms and schools. †¢ Recognise teachers multiple pressures and encourage supportive networks and practices. †¢ Recognise the value of the insights and values which the school council, PTA or school management committee bring to the school and work together to collaborative develop new practices. . Living as well as teaching gender equality There is considerable evidence from many different setti ngs across continents of classroom practice that is far from acceptable and widespread instances of sexual harassment and violence at school. The majority of accounts point to teachers and male pupils involved in sexual harassment of female teachers and primarily girl pupils. The issues touch on how teachers not only teach gender equality, but live this in areas of their life considered private. Studies in seven African countries show how the relationship between male teachers and girl students is often constructed as sexualised (Chege 2004). ‘Lifeskills education’, which assumes teachers will learn the material they teach, can be only part of a successful approach to addressing issues of equality and democracy in the classroom. These programmes vary widely in their content and orientation and need to take account of teachers’ lives, fears and identities as well as appropriate pedagogies for the dimensions of gender equality they address. Thus pedagogy for gender equality is not only a matter of professional orientation, but also of changing personal behaviour amongst teachers and other education officials, and challenging some of the deeply held assumptions that perpetuate inequalities. 5. Educating the teachers Governments have a responsibility to develop gender equality in teaching through the courses and practical materials that they provide. Teacher education needs to equip teachers to promote an understanding of the profound nature of gender inequity and to overcome the resultant barriers to learning. Ensuring that gender equity is a central theme throughout a programme of teacher education, rather than delivered in one-off sessions, is likely to ingrain understanding more effectively. Training needs to help teachers to develop practical solutions, and should be accompanied by monitoring and follow-up support. The efforts of pre-service training institutions, providers of in-service and ongoing professional development, need to be co-ordinated, and well documented. Building networks of teachers to work together or collaborating through school clusters and teachers’ centres, are ways of sustaining training and providing ongoing support for teachers and education officials. 7 The teaching process is about the relationships between teachers and learners in schools. What is considered to be ‘good’ teaching and what promotes successful learning will change, according to who is involved and the context in which the learning takes place. Teachers need to be able to work with different learning styles. Teacher education needs to equip teachers to work through some of the implications of local gender issues, and to support teachers in developing the confidence to encourage participation from pupils and the local community in shaping a vision for gender equality. For example, men tend to dominate school management committees, while women fulfil the more domestic roles. The school needs to interact with the local community to ensure that significant local issues of gender inequality (for example, abuse of girls by their peers and by teachers) are analysed and addressed.

Drake Take Care free essay sample

On November 15, 2011, Aubrey â€Å"Drake† Graham dropped his sophomore album, â€Å"Take Care.† After Drakes debut, â€Å"Thank Me Later,† impacted the rap genre on such a huge scale, fans were excited to see what was next for the flourishing young rapper. â€Å"Take Care† not only raises the standards of rap, but also displays sincere emotions in a genre that celebrates being the toughest and coldest. Drake stands out because of his ability to convey explicit feelings, even if that means admitting to crying. Hes not afraid to pour it all into his music; at this pace, Drake is well on his way to revolutionizing the music scene. The emotion and sincerity can clearly be heard in Drakes voice whenever he raps or sings; he conveys so much in just a few words. Thats not to say that he isnt filled with arrogance, but his ego is well deserved due to his success. We will write a custom essay sample on Drake: Take Care or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Opening the song â€Å"Headlines,† Drake is not afraid to admit he believes the world is his and enjoys rubbing his success in the noses of those who doubt him. â€Å"I might be too strung out on compliments/overdosed on confidence/started not to give a f**k and stop fearing the consequence.† However, when you move on to the melancholy harmonica provided by Stevie Wonder in â€Å"Doing It Wrong,† the mood changes to the polar opposite: the pain and anguish of a break up. â€Å"Take Care† is a ride that can change moods from one song to the next, but with such finesse that the listener can easily accept it. Drake is an outstanding rapper, but when hes around good company, the guy becomes untouchable. â€Å"Take Care† features a variety of artists who complement Drake and bring out the best in this Canadian rapper. Throughout the album there are appearances from Nicki Minaj, Lil Wayne, Rihanna, Rick Ross, Birdman, and The Weekend. These artists have made their mark on rap and continue to do so. The highlights begin with the title track, featuring Rihanna. It contains a piano synth loop that gives an upbeat but cautious mood of entering a new relationship with its trust issues of being hurt by an ex-girlfriend. Then â€Å"HYFR,† featuring Lil Wayne, is a song that indulges in the joys of being famous and doing whatever you want. â€Å"The Motto,† also featuring Lil Wayne, is a bonus track available if the album is purchased online. It supplies a heavy bass line and constant crisp hi-hats that give an old-school feeling from the late ?s and ?s. The track demonstrates the glamour of fame and has Wayne and Drake flaunting their ego with a simple flow, but is still astounding. The pinnacle of â€Å"Take Care† is the hubristic track â€Å"Make Me Proud,† featuring Nicki Minaj. From start to finish, the song supplies lyrical acuteness from both Drake and up-and-comer Minaj. â€Å"Take Care† is a great composition and is also just a taste of what Drake is capable of. With this album, expectations have increased yet again. Now all thats left is to wait to see if Drake rises to expectations again.

Analysis of Japanese Horror Genre Essays

Analysis of Japanese Horror Genre Essays Analysis of Japanese Horror Genre Essay Analysis of Japanese Horror Genre Essay Conventions and Achievements of the Japanese Horror Genre Analysis Japanese society is rarely valued as a compassionate society, willing to alleviate suffering of others as oppose to other societies and cultures. The high suicide rate in this country justifies this. The lack of empathy can be portrayed in the media in the form of movies. Japanese horror has become increasingly popular throughout the years and has gained many loyal fans. Many people prefer Japanese horror to Hollywood horror as Japanese horror tends to have a tenser atmosphere. They are different to the typical horror movie and have an edge to them. This is not necessarily because there is more blood or gore; purely because they have a realistic value as well as the chill factor. People often watch horror movies because they are in need of a good thrill; its a safe, entertaining way to get the blood pumping. Over the last centaury horror movies have progressed rapidly. In the 1930s, Frankenstein became notably popular. Its distinct storyline had movie fans captivated in the latest movie phenomenon. Frankenstein is about the consequence of man playing God with nature. Its born of the scientific discoveries of the time such as electricity. Many people felt they were blasphemies and would lead to abominations like Frankensteins monster; people were powerfully influenced by movies. Decades passed and it seemed as though inhuman creatures such as Frankensteins monster and Dracula were not enough to captivate audiences for much longer. Nor were the aliens and creatures from unknown planets which were undoubtedly popular in the 1950s. Even the tender, prime youths trapped in Scream and I Know What You Did Last Summer were becoming more and more predictable and prosaic. A new breed of horror movies soon became sought after; Japanese horror. Japanese horror catered the needs of movie addicts with a whole new dimension of bloodcurdling, eerie, and spine-chilling happenings. Their storylines unique, as oppose to the typical American horror movie. With authentic characters and chilling spirits the Japanese directors achieved something American movie makers couldnt achieve; a heartfelt, sincere display, whilst sustaining the terror and tension. In a world which is indeed our world, the one we know, a world without devils, sylphides, or vampires, there occurs an event, which cannot be explained by the laws of this same, familiar world. These are the words of Tzvetan Todorov. He said that in our minds we believe that there is no such thing as supernatural beings such as vampires and sylphides but there is always a chance that they may be present, always that small chance that they might in fact be existant. Todorov is asserting that we do question our intuition and sometimes we do let our imaginations run loose. Reputable examples of the Japanese horror: Ju-On and Dark Water In Ju-On a curse is present as conscious if immaterial being. The curse conceived of a grudge, is brought to life by a man who brutally murders his wife in her attic. Consequently, the house remains occupied with a phantasm, Kayako, which will not tolerate anyone entering the house. She seeks her vengeance by eradicating anyone entering the house in the same way her husband did to her; dragging them into her attic and murdering them. Kayakos son, Toshio, whose death was elusive, appears as a motif. He is the most obtrusive hint that danger is close by. He appears on his own which symbolises family breakdown and reveals a sense of discomfort and concern. Dark Water Movie Overview In Dark Water a mother, Yoshimi, is under a great deal of stress; she is fighting to keep custody of her daughter, Ikuko, battling a divorce case and is trying to get her life back on track by getting a new job and moving into a new apartment. After moving into the new apartment, subtle hints reveal that in fact the place is homing something supernatural. The movies share similar conventions. In Dark Water and Ju-On the faces of the supernatural beings are hidden. By doing this, the audience do not connect with the character and the character is portrayed as mysterious and dark. The audience are less likely to feel empathy towards something they cannot see. It makes the audience feel that the character has something to hide, that in fact they are pure evil. Additionally, the usage of light is eminently effective in both of the movies. Ju-On Movie Overview In Ju-On the lighting is divine in the sense that it entrances the audience into believing the whole home is infected with a ghostly spirit. This is achieved by the dark spells and filtered blue lights. It makes it the perfect setting for a supernatural being to be lurking around. In Dark Water the lighting also worked equally as well. The dark, shadowy scenes always alerted the audience to be aware. The use of primary colours worked well too, the yellow coat and the recurring red bag. Primary colours work well because they are dominant and important; these signs were dominant and important. Both of the movies start with an establishing shot focusing on home. There is a sense of irony here as home is supposed to be somewhere people feel safe and secure but not in these movies. The home seems to create more problems. Dark Water starts with a mother and daughter rushing off home trying escape the pouring rain falling down on them. As they reach their apartment the rain seems to have followed them inside, water is leaking and they seem incapable of escaping from the water. The establishing shot is of a mother and daughter looking up to a building. The building is presented as a tall, towering construction leaning over the helpless victims entering it. Immediately, the building has an unpleasant stigma attached to it. This building is revealed to be a future home. The building seems to dismiss the true values of a home; its not a warm, inviting dwelling but a dark, eerie place. This scene is accompanied by non-harmonious, discordant and non-diagetic music. The murmur of deep sounds builds up tension in the atmosphere. The sound is unsettling and unnatural; it is subliminally pushing the connotation of supernaturalism. This effect was created to build up suspense and make the audience feel as though they know something out of the ordinary is going to happen. Mitsukos presence is displayed in many forms by the movie maker Hideo Nakata throughout the movie before her appearance. The signifiers of Mitsuko are effective because the audience are left in suspense waiting for the mystery to unravel and are constantly captivated by the reoccurring motifs. One of the most lucid motifs of Mitsukos existence is the yellow coat. Amongst the dark, eerie atmosphere this bright coat portrays change and importance. Also, the reoccurring red bag that keeps appearing every time Yoshimi tried to get rid of it shows that Mitsuko is persistent; she wont give up. Other signifiers which arent as apparent include footsteps, shadows and posters. The prime motif was the presence of water. Whenever the water is present the music accompanying the scene is discordant and non-diagetic implying that evil is present or close by. These sounds add to the tension creating an unearthly feel. M R James wrote, Two ingredients most valuable in the concocting of a ghost story are, to me, the atmosphere and the nicely managed crescendo. He believed that building up to the climax slowly and effectively then revealing the mystery is a very important quality in a horror movie. Dark Water follows this model as the build up is slow and unobtrusive at first with the motifs and when we do reach a climax it is apparent as the music changes and the whole atmosphere becomes tenser. The build up is most successful in Dark Water in the bathroom scene. Ikuko moves towards the sink and turns the tap. She sees hair in the sink. The reaction shot captures her reaction as she drops the glass and moves back quickly. The tap continues to run. Elsewhere, Yoshimi is near the water tank. It is indented, the result of which seems incapable of creation by any mere human. A high angle shot of Yoshimi shows she is being watched. Meanwhile, back in the bathroom Ikuko is watching the bath fill with dirty water, she tries to turn the tap but it seems to be stuck. The bath overflows with dirty water and bubbles appear. A high angle shot is in place when Ikuko is grabbed by the head and forcefully pushed under water. This shows that something was watching her. A low angle shot captures her struggling. Throughout this scene the music plays an effective role; as the build up to the crescendo occurs the music gets louder and faster showing that something extreme was taking place, placing great emphasis on the importance of this scene. Using the reaction shot the audience managed to sense Ikukos fear. By using the high angle shot the audience were aware of the eerie presence which loomed through the scenes. The audiences response to this would be that they would feel tension as the build up reached the crescendo and they would feel sorry for Ikuko witnessing such a situation. Also, they will feel shocked as they probably didnt think that Ikuko would get pulled into the water. Hideo Nakata placed great emphasis on the tension in this movie as he probably had the same beliefs as M. R James, that building up the tension then revealing the threat was an effective way to keep the audience drawn to the movie. Both Ju-On and Dark water end with the death of the central characters, this is not what audiences would usually expect. This is because in most movies its always the good character that defeats the bad character. Yoshimi dies in Dark Water because she realises she would have to sacrifice her own life in aid of Ikuko having a chance of survival; she knew Mitsuko would not give in. Throughout the movie it seems as though bad luck seems to follow Yoshimi; first her divorce, then her custody battle and settling into a strange apartment. Throughout the movie it seems as though she is being followed by an undying spirit, the high angle camera shots represent this. Yoshimis death is consistent with the language of the movie. One of the most heartfelt scenes was the final scene in which Ikuko desperately wanted her mother but her mother, Yoshimi, was with Mitsuko. The imagery of water surrounding Ikuko displayed one of the movies main motifs, badness being present. In this case was the fact that Ikukos mother was hugging this freak of a girl rather then her own daughter. Although the reasonings behind this were sincere, the audience felt a great deal of sympathy towards the little girl. Dark Water is showing the bad side of Japan which is often sheltered. It indicates the common problems which are often hidden. They are often hidden because Japanese society is strict and orderly. It is now becoming very modern and urban, a paradox as there are many old suspicious beliefs in place, although, Japan it self is quite modern, there is a clash. Honour and respect are key points in Japanese society. There is a worry that younger generations will dismiss these values and the older generations will look down upon this. Dark Water presents to us that although Japan seems to come across as an almost perfect society it experiences problems like any other society such as child abuse, neglection, divorce and adultery. In conclusion, I found this movie successful in sustaining the mystery and the build up was good too. This movie was a change to the typical movie in which the evil character is defeated and the good character lives on as a hero. This excited the viewer as they did not know what was coming next. Also, the lack of clarity is effective. Going back to the words of Tzvetan Todorov, there is an uncertainty and the audience do think twice on the happenings of this movie. Hideo Nakata achieved portraying the breakdown of Japanese culture effectivly in the form of child neglection and divorce. This would schock conventional veiwers. All in all, the movie captivates veiwers, keeps them glued to their seats and gives them a whole new insight on Japanese society with a unique twist.

Assessing Risk In Social Work Social Work Essay Essay Example

Assessing Risk In Social Work Social Work Essay Essay Example Assessing Risk In Social Work Social Work Essay Essay Assessing Risk In Social Work Social Work Essay Essay Hazard can be described as a hazard, or a chance/likelihood of a loss or a peculiar event to happen ( Collins, 2012 ) , which can look as a great uncertainness in relation to societal work when step ining in people s lives. Over the old ages this has been more formalistic by statistical chance and structured appraisal tools to steer professionals. Hazard across the continuum of societal work can be placed into two general classs, those hazards that people pose to themselves or others and those hazards which people are exposed to ( Kemshall, 2007 ) . Hazard taking and direction demands to be balanced between the uncertainness of unneeded injury and dangers that worker and service user may be exposed to. The right to protection and the right to take hazards necessitate to be exhaustively addressed and considered, this in its ain right will foreground many ethical quandary. Intervention must be justified ; on the other manus society has a responsibility to guarantee kids are non expose d to opprobrious state of affairss. Pull offing hazard should be an chance to besides seek or increase positive results, non merely to avoid danger but to cut down the odds against it ( Calder, 2008 Care Council of Wales, 2002, 4, Corby, 2001 ) . There appears to be no definite account of hazard or hazard appraisal in societal work and whether it refers to merely negative or harmful results, the balance of good against bad results or whether it even includes the possibility of positive events ( Calder, 2008 ) . Hazard appears to go around around the construct of danger and possible injury and is non merely related to service users but professional and organizational pattern. Measuring hazard requires intervention in household life and the professional demands to be painstaking of how this is managed in respects to how they engage with service users ( Calder, 2008, CCW, 2002, 1-3 ) . The two chief principals of the Children Act, 1989 are to protect kids from important injury and to guarantee and advance their long term public assistance. The Children Act 1989 introduced the construct of important injury as a threshold for statutory organic structures to step in in household life, advancing the best involvements of the kid. Local Governments have a responsibility to guarantee that kids and immature people are protected from important injury and to safeguard and advance the public assistance of the kid that may necessitate aid and back up beyond that of normal mainstream services ( Scie, 2005 ) . Measuring and safeguarding kids from important injury is a major function in societal work but it can be hard to measure hazard to a high grade of truth as factors are mostly cumulative and research has shown that it can be hard to expect long term results ( Calder, 2008, Scie, 2005 ) . Risk is besides dependent on the state of affairs ; one definition does non suit all ( Scie, 2005, p21 ) . Corby, ( 1996 ) suggested that there are three facets to put on the line appraisal in kid protection. These are preventive, fact-finding and continuance hazard appraisal ( Coulshed A ; Orme, 2006, Kenshall A ; Pritchard, 2001 ) . Preventive hazard appraisal is considered before any engagement by bureaus takes topographic point and may act upon the determination whether to step in or non. Preventive hazard appraisal is based on declarative factors which inform opinions ( grounds based pattern ) ( Coulshed A ; Orme, 2006, Webb, 2006 ) . Early work by Browne A ; Saqi ( 1998 ) cited in Kenshall A ; Pritchard ( 2001 ) gave indexs of prognostic factors, for illustration: history of household force, history of mental unwellness, drug or intoxicant maltreatment, parent abused or neglected as a kid and research on these affairs will be used assess the likely cause or result or act upon the manner in which the professional intervenes. A unfavorable judgment of this manner of working is th at it can take away from the professional liberty in determination devising. Social workers should be cognizant and inform themselves of available grounds as good pattern but should be able balance this in each single state of affairs ( Coulshed A ; Orme, 2006, Kenshall A ; Pritchard, 2001 ) . This manner of pattern can foreground ethical issues for the worker by agencies of know aparting people because of past events or by factors that are out of their control, the danger is that non-abusers could be identified as maltreaters. Social workers may besides step in when there is no grounds of maltreatment which can be seen as intrusive and demonstrates the importance of equilibrating rights and duties ( Coulshed A ; Orme, 2006 CCW, 2002, Webb, 2006 ) . Fact-finding hazard appraisal can besides be known as an initial appraisal and is normally brought to the attending of societal services sections by person who has expressed concerns, this possibly another professional or a member of the populace. These are normally dealt by working collaboratively with other bureaus in peculiar to child protection and will about ever involve the Police, G.P/Health Visitor and instruction. The societal worker will be required to utilize the Framework for Assessment which provides a systematic manner of recording and analyzing information about the kid and its household. The worker would besides mention to the All Wales Child Protection Procedures ( WAG, 2008 ) when there are concerns sing kid protection. Troubles can originate when working in a multi-agency partnership as each bureau may hold their ain docket or outlooks of results. This can be apparent when working in instances where domestic force is present and the designation of the hazard that t he kids are perchance being exposed to being emotional and physical injury. The Police may be of the sentiment that the kids should be removed from the state of affairs instantly but the societal worker may experience that it is better to work with the female parent and perchance the father/partner in deciding the issues but besides guaranting the safety of all concerned. This may be done as a kid in demand or child protection depending on the badness of the maltreatment. Again this demonstrates the complex undertaking by societal workers of equilibrating the hazard against the rights of those involved. Social workers have the responsibility to see the rights of those involved for illustration the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child ( UNCRC, 1989 ) Article 19, provinces that a kid has the right to protection from maltreatment and disregard. Besides Article 8 of The Human Rights Act 1998 states the right to esteem for household life ( Coulshed A ; Orme, 2006, Cree A ; Wallace, 2005 ) . Continuance hazard appraisal may be considered during long term intercessions whereby for illustration a kid possibly returning to the attention of their parents after a period of separation due to put on the line concerns. Where identifiable hazard has been discovered appraisals need to be made at regular intervals with the focal point being on hazard decrease instead than hazard riddance ( Corby, 1996, Coulshed A ; Orme, 2006 ) . Continuation hazard appraisal is about equilibrating the hazards of intercession against non-intervention. Evaluation of the original concerns need to be considered and alterations that have occurred acknowledged. The societal worker will so hold to measure whether the alterations made have had a positive or negative influence on the state of affairs or made no difference at all ( Coulshed A ; Orme, 2006 ) . In measuring hazard societal workers need to see how power and cognition can act upon determinations that are made. Professionals have the power to take action to protect others, have the entree and cognition of resources on offer and the cognition of theories which may construe behavior and label persons. Using these to label or pigeonhole an person is in itself an maltreatment of power ( Coulshed A ; Orme, 2006 ) . Today policy promotes the demand for practicians to be sensitive and informed of the diverseness of people s background, taking into consideration their race, civilization and beliefs. A holistic appraisal of a household should include this as criterion and it is of import to recognize the different attacks and life styles and this should reflect the types of intercession that can be provided for multi-cultural communities ( Coulshed A ; Orme, 2006, CCW, 2002 1.6, Milner A ; OBryne, 2009, ) .

Marketing Mix Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Marketing Mix - Assignment Example The Le Bistrot Pierre restaurant chain provides a wide array of dishes to be presented to its customers. It is found that the restaurant provides a wide range of dishes on appetizers ranging from vegetable to non-vegetable dishes. For instance, the vegetable dishes consist of items like tomato preparations, onion soups and mushroom dishes. In the non-vegetarian section the restaurant in the appetizer front presents its customers with items like snail dipped in garlic butter. (Pierre’s Bistro, 2010) The restaurant is widely known not only for its flavored dishes but also for its economical price ranges. It is observed that the restaurant provides two to three courses of lunch at highly affordable rates. The rates charged for the lunch sessions at the restaurant vary between ten to twelve pounds only making it highly attractive from the customer’s side. The customers can even order for a glass of wine before commencing on the lunch at a humble rate of fifteen pounds. (Le Bistrot Pierre, n.d.; Le Bistrot Pierre: Restaurant Views, n.d.; Le Bistrot, 2010). In regards to its distribution parameters the restaurant chain Le Bistrot Pierre has opened up its eight unit in Harrogate, a township in Yorkshire. It is also planning to open up with its ninth arm sometime later this year. The restaurant chain Le Bistrot Pierre claims that its newly opened arm would help attract huge footfalls for the presence of a bar cum dining space. It also states that it is promoting a space for the balcony purpose also in the restaurant. The restaurant chain has other operating units spread along different key areas of United Kingdom. They include areas like Nottingham, Leicester, Derby, Leamington Spa, Stratford-upon-Avon and Sheffield. (Chomka, 2010) The restaurant outlet of Le Bistrot Pierre situated at Leamington Spa is in the center of many shopping outlets and

Stage 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Stage 1 - Essay Example Annual reports comprise the balance sheet, income statement, and statement of cash flows. This paper compares and contrasts the financial statements of Amazon, Apple, and eBay for the period of 2009-2013. Liquidity ratios are financial metrics used to determine a company’s ability to pay off its short-term debts obligations. A higher liquidity ratio indicates a company has a larger safety margin to cover short-term debts. The most widely used liquidity ratios are the quick ratio, current ratio, and the operating cash flow ratio. From the above analysis of the 2010-2013 financial statements of Amazon, Apple, and EBay, several comparisons on the performance of the firms can be deduced. Over the five-year period, all the three companies experience a dip in financial health. The current ratio of the three companies drops yearly from 1.33, 2.02, and 2.32 in 2009 to 1.07, 1.08, and 1.84 in 2013 for Amazon, Apple, and eBay respectively. EBay has the highest current ratio indicating that it is the financially strongest followed by Apple and then Amazon. The managers at Amazon are not generating enough returns on assets. This is indicated by the low return on assets over the five-year period. Managers at Apple are generating stable returns on assets with an average of 20% ROA over the five-year period. On the other hand, managers at eBay are generating unstable returns on assets as indicated by the volatile figures over the five-year period. Amazon’s average return on capital over the five-year period is 4% while Apple’s average return on capital is 33%. On the other hand, the average return on capital for eBay is 14%. From this figures, Apple managers at Apple are providing the highest return on capital followed by managers at eBay and finally managers at

IMC and Customer Satisfaction Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

IMC and Customer Satisfaction - Assignment Example However, from an in depth understanding of the different ways of marketing communication this process would be discussed in detail in this paper in the context of marketing activities of the BERVET. The process of integrated marketing communications fundamentally refers to â€Å"the strategic analysis, choice, implementation and control of all elements of marketing communications which efficiently, economically and effectively influence transactions between an organization and its existing and potential customers, consumers and clients† (Smith, Berry & Pulford, 1999). In simple words it is the way in which an organization manages and controls all its market communications. It is ensured that the messages, personality of the company and its brand positioning in the market is delivered across all the elements of the market by utilizing a single and consistent strategy (Smith, Berry & Pulford, 1999). This process is applicable to any type of company dealing with any type of produ ct or service, however, BERVET can customize each step of this process in order to fit the bill of the goods and services offered by it. Although the concept of marketing communications has been put to use in companies as an all inclusive concept to deal with the different levels of communication since the 1990s, the technique of strategically integrating these diverse functional areas is unique to the approach of integrated marketing communications (FitzGerald, 2000). BERVET should develop a single communications strategy, the basic of which should be followed for each target audience that has been identified from the entire market. This strategy has to be used â€Å"as the basis for executing each communication function† (FitzGerald, 2000) throughout the marketing process by using a wide range of channels of communication. Twelve different strategies have been identified by Smith, Berry and Pulford (1999) to accomplish the process of integrated marketing communications; suc h as, advertising, public relations, sales promotion, point of purchase, packaging, exhibition, sponsorship, internet, direct marketing, personal selling, corporate identity and word of mouth. BERVET has decided to choose advertising as the basic strategy for its integrated marketing communications. Advertising strategy of BERVET Advertising can be made through different channels. BERVET keeps pace with advancement of time and revises its advertising policies and the channels used. Television commercials, print media (newspapers and magazines), bill board signs and event sponsoring have been the most popular methods of advertising for the company since it had started business in 2000. However, recently it has also started to make its presence felt by advertising on the internet. The marketing goal of BERVET is to expand to the European continent and capture the European market. The target audience includes the governments of the different countries in the region, the private sector, the retailers and whole sellers, the individual customers. The different advertising channels have been chosen keeping in mind these different target groups. The internet is the most common form of media in both the developed countries in the region that allows the people to share ideas, communicate, and build network. Hence advertisement on the internet is particularly of immense importance for the company’